NOTE: You can learn more about periodical cicadas by accessing our updated 2025 OSU Extension fact sheet titled, “Periodical Cicadas in Ohio,” that was posted in March. Click this hotlink to see the fact sheet: https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/ENT-58
Simple [Cicada] Minds Sing, “Don't You (Forget About Me)”
Adults belonging to Brood XIV (14) of the 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) have bid farewell to southern Ohio, singing “(I’ve Had) The Time of My Life,” after their dirty dancing. Now we’re all listening to AWB’s “Pick Up the Pieces.”
Periodical cicada females first focus their oviposition attention on the woody stems of trees and shrubs, preferring stems measuring no more than approximately 1/2 inch in diameter. They use their sharp, spade-like ovipositors to insert their eggs deep into the xylem (white wood).
Periodical Cicada Layng Eggs (Ovipositing)
Periodical Cicada Eggs Dawn Redwood
The oviposition damage produces two characteristic symptoms associated with periodical cicadas. The destruction of the vascular vessels disrupts the flow of water through the xylem, causing leaves to wilt and eventually turn brown producing the characteristic symptom called “flagging.”
Leaf Wilt on Oak Periodical Cicada Damage
Periodical Cicada Damage Leaf Scorch Symptoms
Periodical Cicada Flagging on Oak
Periodical Cicada Flagging on Black Tupelo
Periodical Cicada Flagging on Ginkgo
The shearing of the xylem fibers reduces the structural integrity of the white wood, causing stems to break, detach, and drop to the ground. The detached stem may have green leaves or leaves that have turned brown.
Periodical cicada Stem Breakage from Oviposition Damage
Stem Breakage Exposing Cicada Eggs
Leaf Drop from Periodical Cicada Oviposition Damage
Flagging and stem breakage are apparent now and will continue to develop throughout the rest of the growing season. However, both symptoms are inconsistent with the vast majority of the oviposition damage not producing flagging or stem breakage. Consequently, the cicada damage has little impact on the overall health of affected trees.
Our trees evolved with our cicadas. Research has shown that oviposition damage primarily affects aesthetics. On the other hand, extensive flagging on young trees can be serious because more of the branches are the preferred size for oviposition.
Periodical Cicada Flagging on Young Maple
Although the females prefer woody stems, they will jam their eggs into almost any living stem once the preferred sites are exploited. For example, it was common to find oviposition slits on the petiole and rachis of the compound leaves of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). Even the stems of herbaceous plants such as poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) were targeted.
Periodical Cicada Oviposition Into Ash Petiole and Rachis
Ash Leaf Drop From Periodical Cicada Oviposition Damage
Periodical Cicada Oviposition on Poison Hemlock
I could find no data on egg survival and hatch success when unusual oviposition sites are used compared to more traditional sites. However, as I noted in a previous BYGL Alert, I believe the nonselective egg-laying behavior means that plant stems simply serve as safe sites for the eggs.
Although Brood XIV (14) of the 17-year periodical cicadas have left the building, not only will the flagging and stem breakage continue to develop for the rest of this growing season, but both symptoms will linger on for several more seasons. It’s easy to mistake old periodical cicada damage for other plant problems, such as cankering diseases.
Oviposition Damage Occurred in 2021 – 2022 Image Shows Two Types of Oviposition Behavior
Stem Failure: 2022 – Oviposition Damage: 2021
Stem Breakage: 2022 – Oviposition Damage: 2021
Oviposition Damage in 2021 – Progressive Wound Closure in 2022
Oviposition Occurred in 2008 – Image Taken in 2016
Selected References
Clay, K., Shelton, A. L., & Winkle, C. (2009). Effects of oviposition by periodical cicadas on tree growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39(9), 1688–1697.
https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/X09-090
Flory, S. L., & Mattingly, W. B. (2008). Response of host plants to periodical cicada oviposition damage. Oecologia, 156, 649–656.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1016-z
Miller, F., & Crowley, W. (1998). Effects of periodical cicada ovipositional injury on woody plants. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF), 24(5), 248–253.
https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1998.030